Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine

Chapter 1. Rationale for the Use of Noninvasive Ventilation in Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Pedro Gaspar da Costa, MD – Unidade de Urgência Médica, Intensive Care Medicine Department, Hospital de São José, Lisbon, Portugal

Chapter 2. Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Equipment, Interface Circuit and Exhalation Ports)
Sven Stieglitz – Department of Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospitals Petrus and St. Josef, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany

Chapter 3. High Flow CPAP Generators
M. Gabriella D’Arrigo, MD – Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orthopedic Center COT spa, Messina, Italy

Chapter 4. Equipment for Noninvasive Ventilation. Mechanical Ventilators Technology and Leak Compensation
M. Gabriella D’Arrigo, MD  – Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orthopedic Center COT spa, Messina, Italy

Chapter 5. High Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy Devices
M. Gabriella D’Arrigo, MD – Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orthopedic Center COT spa, Messina, Italy

Chapter 6. Positive End Expiratory Pressure and FiO2 Settings FiO2/EPAP/Oxygenation
Henrique Santos, MD and José M. Maia, MD – Intensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

Chapter 7. Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) in Noninvasive Ventilation
Eda Balcı, MD –
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Chapter 8. Lung Ultrasound in Noninvasive Ventilation. Implications Regarding Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Biljana Lazovic¹, Radmila Dmitrovic¹, Isidora Simonovic¹, and Antonio M. Esquinas²
¹Department of Pulmonology, University Clinical Center “Zemun”, Belgrade, Serbia
²Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain

Chapter 9. Ventilator Waveforms (Pressure, Volume and Flow) And Implications for Patient-Ventilator Synchrony in Noninvasive Ventilation
Pedro Nogueira Costa, MD, Gil Gonçalves, MD and Alexandra Catarino, MD – Pneumology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Chapter 10. Nocturnal Monitoring and Tele-Monitoring in Perioperative Medicine
Candela M. Rodríguez Mejías, MD and Juan Pablo Valencia Quintero, MD – Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España

Chapter 11. Nutrition and Noninvasive Ventilation
Eleni N. Sertaridou and Vasilios E. Papaioannou – Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece

Chapter 12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Martina Novelli¹, Laura Di Sano¹, Giovanni Giordano¹, Francesco Pugliese² and Francesco Alessandri¹
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
²Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Chapter 13. Noninvasive Ventilation in Chronic Heart Failure in Perioperative Medicine
Giovanni Giordano¹, Martina Novelli¹, Laura Di Sano¹, Francesco Pugliese² and Francesco Alessandri¹
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
²Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Chapter 14. Noninvasive Ventilation in Restrictive Lung Disease: Implications in Perioperative Medicine
Chinmaya Kumar Panda  – Assistant Professor, Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Raipur, India

Chapter 15. Noninvasive Ventilation in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome in Perioperative Medicine
Elisabet Guerra Hernández, MD, PhD, Zoraya Hussein and Dib González, MD – Anaesthesiology Service, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Chapter 16. Sleep Breathing Disorders: Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Implications in Postoperative Medicine
Andrea De Vito¹, Stefano Oldani², Massimo Terenzoni3, Chiara Martone¹, Damiano Giardini¹, Giorgia Ciammetti¹, Giannicola Iannella4, Claudio Vicini4 and Maurizio Fusari³
¹Head and Neck Department, ENT Unit, Ravenna – Lugo Hospitals, Health Local Agency of Romagna, Italy
²Department Thoracic Diseases, Pulmonary Operative Unit, Forlì Hospital, Health Local Agency of Romagna, Italy.
³Department of General Surgery, Anaesthesia and Critical Care Unit, Ravenna Hospital, Health Local Agency of Romagna, Italy
4Head and Neck Department, ENT Unit, Forlì – Faenza Hospitals, Health Local Agency of Romagna, Italy

Chapter 17. Key Anesthesiology Determinants in Ventilator-Dependent Patients and Home Noninvasive Ventilation Users
David J. Nagel¹, MD, PhD, Ashley R. Rackow², MS, and R. Matthew Kottmann¹, MD
¹Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, US
²Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, US

Chapter 18. Use of Noninvasive Ventilation in Anesthesia: Air and Ground Pre-Hospital Transport
Casian Horoszczak¹, MD and Christopher Galton², MD
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
²Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

Chapter 19. Preoperative Noninvasive Ventilation. Key Practical Recommendations
Giacomo Torretta¹, MD Angela Iuorio¹ MD and Marco Fiore², MD
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Frangipane Hospital, Ariano Irpino, Italy
²Department of Women, Child, General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli,” Naples, Italy

Chapter 20. Noninvasive Ventilation for Preoxygenation in Anesthesiology
Pragadeshwaran Rajendran, MD, and Habib Md Reazaul Karim, MD – Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, India

Chapter 21. Sedation and Analgesia Protocols for Noninvasive Ventilation
Sonia Alvarado de la Torre¹, MD, Manuel Ángel Gómez-Ríos¹, MD, and Alejandro Úbeda Iglesias², MD, PhD
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
²Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Punta de Europa (Cádiz), Spain

Chapter 22. Noninvasive Ventilation for Weaning and Extubation Respiratory Failure
Angélica Consuegra Vanegas¹, Sonia Alvarado de la Torre² and Pedro J Marcos¹
¹Respiratory Service, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
²Department of Anaesthesiology, A Coruña University Hospital, A Coruña, Spain
3Department of Pulmonology, A Coruña University Hospital, A Coruña, Spain

Chapter 23. Noninvasive Ventilation Postoperative Upper Airway Surgery, Cord Paralysis Diseases and Other Upper Airway Obstructions
María Sevilla Martínez¹, MD and Dionisio Guillamon Fernandez², MD
¹Intensive Care Unit, Virgen de las Nieves Hospital, Granada, Spain
²Otorhinolaryngology, San Cecilio Hospital, Granada, Spain

Chapter 24. Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in Thoracic Cage and Neuromuscular Disorders in the Postoperative Period
Rajesh Kunadharaju¹ and Jahan Porhomayon²
¹Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
²Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

Chapter 25. Noninvasive Ventilation in Esophagectomy Postoperative Surgery
Mertay Boran, MD – Department of Thoracic Surgery, Duzce University, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey

Chapter 26. Noninvasive Ventilation in Bariatric Postoperative Surgery
Basak Ceyda, MECO, MD – Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Chapter 27. Postoperative Noninvasive Ventilation in Spine Surgery
Ozlem Korkmaz Dilmen, MD, DESA – Professor Anesthesiology and Reanimation Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey

Chapter 28. Noninvasive Ventilation in Lung Transplant. Perioperative and Postoperative
Francesco Zarantonello¹, MD, Denise Dotto², MD, Giulio Andreatta², MD and Paolo Navalesi¹,², MD
¹University Hospital of Padova – Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Padova Italy
²University of Padova – Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Padova, Italy

Chapter 29. Noninvasive Ventilation in Cardiac Transplant: Perioperative and Postoperative Applications
Federica Lo Presti¹, MD, Ciro Maiello², MD, and Luca Salvatore De Santo³, MD
¹Senior Resident of Cardiac Surgery, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli,” Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplant, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
²Director of Heart Transplant Program, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplant, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
³Associate Professor of Cardiac Surgery, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli,” Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplant, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy

Chapter 30. Noninvasive Ventilation in Liver Transplant. Perioperative and Postoperative
Vasileios Michailidis, MD, PhD – Pulmonology Department, St. Luke’s Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

Chapter 31. Noninvasive Ventilation in Renal Transplant. Perioperative and Postoperative
Ertay Boran¹, MD and Mediha Boran², MD
¹Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Duzce University, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
²Department of Nephrology, Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey

Chapter 32. Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. Rationale Approach
Sara Costa-Martins and Margarida Afonso – Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Centre of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal

Chapter 33. Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Atelectasis
Chantal Cortesão, MD, and Pedro Silva Santos, MD – Pulmonology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal

Chapter 34. Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
Alejandro Úbeda Iglesias¹, MD, PhD, Irene Fernández Burgos², MD and Manuel Ángel Gómez-Ríos³, MD
¹Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Punta de Europa. Cádiz, Spain
²Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga. Málaga, Spain
³Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña. A Coruña, Spain

Chapter 35. Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. Ventilatory Approach Methodology
Francesco De Sanctis¹, MD and Daniela Perrotta², MD
¹Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Palidoro, Italy
²Anesthesiology and Pediatric Intensive Care Department, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Palidoro, Italy

Chapter 36. Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Chronic Neuromuscular Muscle Weakness
Iatomasi Marino¹and Greco Lucia²
¹Fisiocare SAGL, Lugano, Switzerland
²Centro Clinico Nemo

Chapter 37. Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Blunt Chest Trauma
Brenton LaRiccia, PA-C, MBA, Keonna Johnson, MD and Alexandra Blanche, MD – Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Chapter 38. Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Antonella Cotoia and Antonio Izzi – Anesthesia and Intensive care, University of study of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

Chapter 39. Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Flexible Bronchoscopy
Alessandra Bisanti, MD, Valentina Giammatteo, MD, Giuseppe Bello, MD, and Massimo Antonelli, MD – Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione; UOC di Anestesia, Rianimazione, Terapia Intensiva e Tossicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Chapter 40. Noninvasive Ventilation During Non-Intubated Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Nadia Corcione, MD, PhD, Alfonso Pecoraro, MD, Livio Moccia, MD and Giuseppe Failla, MD – Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy

Chapter 41. Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) for Minimally Invasive Interventional Procedures: Percutaneous Gastric Tube-Insertion (PEG) and Radiology Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG)
Elisabetta Roma¹, MD, Fabrizio Rao¹, MD, Elisa Falcier¹, MD, Elisa De Mattia¹, Marino Iatomasi¹, Ilenia Scaffidi², MD, Pietro Molinari², MD, Caterina Barbaglio², MD, Laura Petrò², MD, Fabiane Barbosa², MD, Antonio Rampoldi2, MD, and Andrea De Gasperi2, MD
¹NEMO Clinical Center, Milan, Italy
²Servizio Anestesia Rianimazione, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy

Chapter 42. Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation (NIV) in Cardiology Procedures
Daniel Jedrysiak, MD, Jason Broker, MD and Kunal Panda, MD – Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA

Chapter 43. Noninvasive Ventilation in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit – Health Care Organization
Kathleen M. Nealon¹, MD, Thomas M. Lettich², DO and Mary Jane Reed³, MD
¹Resident, Department of General Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
²Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
³Departments of General Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA

Chapter 44. Outcomes and Noninvasive Ventilation in Postoperative Respiratory Failure
David Eugenio Jerves Donoso¹and Antonio Esquinas Rodríguez²
¹Pneumology Department, Hospital Santa Bárbara, Soria, Spain
²Intensive Care Unit Department Morales Meseguer University General Hospital, Murcia, Spain

There is an important increase in the use of devices that allow adequate control of patients who are treated in resuscitation units after surgical procedures. In this book a description is made. We carried out a description and analysis of the main indications for use in different scenarios. This includes an analysis of the rationale for the use of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative medicine, noninvasive mechanical ventilation and work of breathing pattern using different interfaces, and perioperative medicine. We include equipment and interface analysis and application of lung ultrasound in noninvasive ventilation. Along these lines, we clarify the role of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), preoxygenation in cardiac and liver transplants and anesthesiology procedures (non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery). Finally, we conclude this book with key recommendations about noninvasive ventilation in the post-anesthesia care unit of a health care organization. We believe that this book consolidates a scientific reference for the adequate indication of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative medicine.