Thrombosis in Cancer: A Medical Professional's Guide to Cancer Associated Thrombosis PDF

ISBN: B096CJ949C, 9781681087856, 978-1681087856

Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers (May 31, 2021)

Publication date: May 31, 2021

FORMAT ORIGINAL PDF

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................... i

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS ................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

EPIDEMIOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 2

PROGNOSIS AND IMPACT OF VTE IN CANCER PATIENTS ............................................ 3

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 4

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 4

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER-ASSOCIATED

THROMBOSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 7

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 8

RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................ 12

Tumor Related Factors ............................................................................................................ 12

Treatment-Related Factors ...................................................................................................... 13

Surgery .......................................................................................................................... 13

Hospitalization .............................................................................................................. 13

Chemotherapy, Hormonal Therapy, and Radiotherapy ................................................ 13

Supportive Therapy ....................................................................................................... 15

Patient-Related Factors ........................................................................................................... 15

BIOMARKERS ............................................................................................................................... 16

RISK MODELS .............................................................................................................................. 17

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 19

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 19

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 19

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM ON CANCER SURVIVAL ..... 27

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 27

INCIDENCE ................................................................................................................................... 27

MORTALITY ................................................................................................................................. 28

VTE RECURRENCE ..................................................................................................................... 29

EFFECT OF ANTICOAGULATION IN CANCER ................................................................... 29

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 30

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 30

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 30

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 30

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4 OCCULT CANCER WORKUP IN IDIOPATHIC VENOUS

THROMBOEMBOLISM ....................................................................................................................... 33

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 33

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 36

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 36

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 36

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 5 CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED THROMBOSIS ...................................................... 40

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 40

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 41

PROPHYLAXIS DURING CHEMOTHERAPY ........................................................................ 42

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 43

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 43

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 43

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 43

CHAPTER 6 CATHETER-RELATED THROMBOSIS IN CANCER ........................................... 47

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 47

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS ................................................................................. 48

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TYPES OF CRT ......................................................................... 48

Pericatheter Sheath or Fibrin Sleeve ....................................................................................... 49

Intraluminal Clot ..................................................................................................................... 50

Mural Thrombus ..................................................................................................................... 50

Other Causes ........................................................................................................................... 50

CLINICAL PRESENTATION ...................................................................................................... 50

DIAGNOSIS .................................................................................................................................... 51

TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................. 52

Removal of Catheter ............................................................................................................... 52

Systemic Anticoagulation ....................................................................................................... 53

Other Options .......................................................................................................................... 53

PREVENTION OF CRT IN CANCER PATIENTS ................................................................... 54

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 55

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 56

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 56

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 56

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 7 MANAGEMENT OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS ........................... 62

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 63

INITIAL TREATMENT ................................................................................................................ 63

Anticoagulants ........................................................................................................................ 63

Low Molecular Weight Heparin .................................................................................... 63

Factor Xa Inhibitors ...................................................................................................... 65

Unfractionated Heparin ................................................................................................ 66

Warfarin ........................................................................................................................ 66

LONG TERM MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 67

ROLE OF DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS .................................................................... 68

FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF CHOOSING ANTICOAGULATION ......................................... 73

MECHANICAL DEVICES ........................................................................................................... 73

Inferior Vena Cava Filters ...................................................................................................... 73

IMPACT ON SURVIVAL WITH ANTI-THROMBOTIC THERAPY .................................... 76

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 78
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 78
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 78
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 78
CHAPTER 8 SPECIAL CASES IN CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS ........................... 85
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 85
VTE and Thrombocytopenia ................................................................................................... 85
RECURRENT VTE ........................................................................................................................ 86
VTE IN RENAL IMPAIRMENT .................................................................................................. 87
INCIDENTAL VTE IN CANCER ................................................................................................ 87
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS AND VTE ............................................................... 88
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION AND VTE .............................................................. 89
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 90
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 90
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 90
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 9 ANTITUMOR EFFECTS OF HEPARIN ................................................................... 95
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 95
TYPES OF HEPARIN ................................................................................................................... 96
Unfractionated Heparin ........................................................................................................... 96
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin ............................................................................................ 96
Butanoylated Heparin ............................................................................................................. 97
EFFECTS OF HEPARIN ON TUMOR ....................................................................................... 97
Anti-Angiogenesis Effects ...................................................................................................... 97
Antiproliferative Effects ......................................................................................................... 98
Effects on Immune System ..................................................................................................... 98
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 99
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 99
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 99
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 99
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 99
CHAPTER 10 VTE PROPHYLAXIS ................................................................................................. 104
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 104
RISK STRATIFICATION ............................................................................................................. 105
INPATIENT VTE PROPHYLAXIS ............................................................................................. 106
OUTPATIENT VTE PROPHYLAXIS ......................................................................................... 106
PERIOPERATIVE VTE PROPHYLAXIS .................................................................................. 108
SOCIETY GUIDELINES .............................................................................................................. 108
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 113
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 113
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 113
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 113
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 113
Omar Albanyan and Ikponmwosa Enofe
Samanjit Kandola and Manoj Rai
Fawzi Abu Rous, Manoj Rai, Osama Mosalem, Layan El-khatib, Calvin Abro and
Abdullah Al-abcha
SUBJECT INDEX ....................................................................................................................................