Merritt’s Neurology Fourteenth Edition

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Merritt’s Neurology Fourteenth Edition 14th ed PDF

 

CONTENTS

 

SECTION I
GLOBAL BURDEN OF NEUROLOGIC DISEASE 1
Section Editor: Mitchell S. V. Elkind
1 Worldwide Epidemiology of Neurologic Disease 1
Jennifer Sevush-Garcy and Mitchell S. V. Elkind
2 Global Delivery of Neurologic Care 9
Hiral Shah, Serena Spudich, and Kiran T. Thakur
SECTION II
APPROACH TO THE NEUROLOGIC PATIENT 15
Section Editor: James M. Noble
3 Neurologic History Taking, Localization, and Differential
Diagnosis 15
James M. Noble
4 The Neurologic Examination 25
James M. Noble
SECTION III
COMMON PROBLEMS IN NEUROLOGY 45
Section Editor: J. Kirk Roberts
5 Dizziness, Vertigo, and Hearing Loss 45
J. Kirk Roberts
6 Syncope 51
Tina T. Shih
7 Seizures 57
Michelle Bell, David J. Roh, and Jan Claassen
8 Pain, Numbness, and Paresthesias 64
Comana M. Cioroiu
9 Headache and Facial Pain 70
Ashhar S. Ali and Julio R. Vieira
10 Visual Disturbances 77
Heather E. Moss
11 Delirium 88
Merrick E. Miles, Christina J. Hayhurst, and
Christopher G. Hughes
12 Dementia and Memory Loss 95
Lawrence S. Honig and James M. Noble
13 Involuntary Movements 103
Sara M. Schaefer and Elan D. Louis
14 Muscle Weakness, Cramps, and Stiffness 110
Comana M. Cioroiu
15 Gait Disorders 122
Ashwini K. Rao
16 Acute Stroke: The First Hour 132
Barry M. Czeisler and Stephan A. Mayer
17 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes 145
Natalie Weathered and Noam Y. Harel
18 Focal Mass Lesions 152
Michelle Bell, Alexander G. Khandji, and Fabio M. Iwamoto
19 Stupor and Coma 168
Jan Claassen and John C. M. Brust
20 Brain Death 179
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks
SECTION IV
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 184
Section Editor: James M. Noble
21 Computed Tomography 184
Priya Shoor, Daniel S. Chow, and Angela Lignelli
22 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 189
Eric Newman and Angela Lignelli
23 Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission
Computed Tomography 203
William Charles Kreisl
24 Neurovascular Ultrasound 208
Tatjana Rundek
25 Angiography and Neuroendovascular Surgery 217
Katarina Dakay, Scott M. Woolf, Gurmeen Kaur,
Daniel H. Sahlein, and Fawaz Al-Mufti
26 Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials 230
Nicolas Gaspard and Emily J. Gilmore
27 Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies, and
Magnetic Stimulation 243
Louis H. Weimer
28 Autonomic Testing 255
Louis H. Weimer
29 Evaluation of the Special Senses (Vision, Hearing,
Smell, Vestibular System) 259
J. Kirk Roberts
30 Sleep Studies 264
Andrew J. Westwood and Carl W. Bazil
31 Neuropsychological Evaluation 271

32 Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis 277

Kiwon Lee

33 Brain, Muscle, Nerve, and Skin Biopsy 283

John F. Crary, Thomas H. Brannagan III, and Kurenai Tanji

34 Intracranial Pressure and Neurocritical Care Monitoring 288

Charles L. Francoeur and Stephan A. Mayer

35 Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis 297

Jill S. Goldman and Jacinda B. Sampson

SECTION V

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES 301

Section Editor: Stephan A. Mayer

36 Acute Ischemic Stroke 301

Charles C. Esenwa and Stephan A. Mayer

37 Transient Ischemic Attack 320

Setareh Salehi Omran and Jose Gutierrez

38 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy 324

Sachin Agarwal and Alexandra S. Reynolds

39 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 332

Stephan A. Mayer and Fred Rincon

40 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 342

Stephan A. Mayer, Gary L. Bernardini, and

Robert A. Solomon

41 Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis 353

Jennifer A. Frontera and Natalie Organek

42 Vascular Malformations 361

Fawaz Al-Mufti and Stephan A. Mayer

43 Central Nervous System Vasculitis 370

Kavneet Kaur, Hussein Alshammari, Ramandeep Sahni,

Steven Marks, Stephan A. Mayer, and Fawaz Al-Mufti

44 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and

Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes 384

Claire S. Riley, Sara K. Rostanski, and Joshua Z. Willey

45 Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention 401

Charles C. Esenwa and Mitchell S. V. Elkind

SECTION VI

NEUROTRAUMA 413

Section Editor: Neeraj Badjatia

46 Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy 413

James M. Noble and John F. Crary

47 Traumatic Brain Injury 420

Gunjan Y. Parikh, Neeraj Badjatia, and

Stephan A. Mayer

48 Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 441

Christopher E. Mandigo, Michael G. Kaiser, and

Peter D. Angevine

49 Traumatic Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Injury 451

Dominique M. O. Higgins, Lillian Liao,

and Christopher J. Winfree

SECTION VII

DEMENTIA 469

Section Editor: Karen S. Marder

50 Mild Cognitive Impairment 469

Lawrence S. Honig, Arash Salardini, William Charles Kreisl,

and James M. Noble

51 Alzheimer Disease 476

Lawrence S. Honig and James M. Noble

52 Frontotemporal Dementia 486

Edward D. Huey, Megan S. Barker, and Stephanie Cosentino

53 Lewy Body Dementias 492

Oren Levy, Richard A. Hickman, and Karen S. Marder

54 Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment 500

Nikolaos Scarmeas and Adam M. Brickman

55 Prion Diseases 506

Boon Lead Tee and Michael Geschwind

SECTION VIII

HEADACHE AND PAIN SYNDROMES 521

Section Editor: Richard B. Lipton

56 Primary and Secondary Headache Disorders 521

Peter J. Goadsby and Richard B. Lipton

57 Facial Pain Disorders and Painful Cranial Neuralgias 538

Paul G. Mathew and Zahid H. Bajwa

58 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 549

Steven P. Cohen, Michael L. Weinberger, and

Thomas H. Brannagan III

59 Neuropathic Pain 557

Jeffrey Shije and Thomas H. Brannagan III

SECTION IX

EPILEPSY AND PAROXYSMAL DISORDERS 567

Section Editor: Carl W. Bazil

60 Classifi cation of Seizures and Epilepsy 567

Shraddha Srinivasan and Carl W. Bazil

61 Management of Epilepsy 578

Carl W. Bazil and Shraddha Srinivasan

62 Ménière Syndrome, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, and

Vestibular Neuritis 597

Ian S. Storper

63 Transient Global Amnesia 602

John C. M. Brust

SECTION X

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 604

Section Editor: Karen L. Roos

64 Acute Bacterial Meningitis 604

Brain, Spinal, and Epidural Abscess and Other Parameningeal
Infections 612
Tracey A. Cho
66 Other Bacterial Central Nervous System Infections
and Toxins 624
Kyle J. Coleman
67 Chronic Meningitis 640
Prashanth S. Ramachandran, Joseph R. Zunt,
Kelly J. Baldwin, and Michael R. Wilson
68 Parasitic Infections 653
Gustavo C. Román
69 Viral Infections 661
Shibani S. Mukerji, Maria Martinez-Lage, and
Kiran T. Thakur
70 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus (HIV) and Acquired
Immunodefi ciency Syndrome (AIDS) 690
Anne Damian Yacoub, Deanna Saylor, Ned Sacktor,
Kiran T. Thakur, Carolyn Barley Britton, and
Barbara S. Koppel
SECTION XI
DEMYELINATING AND INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES 711
Section Editor: David A. Hafl er
71 Multiple Sclerosis and Related CNS
Neuroimmune Diseases 711
Erin E. Longbrake and Sarah F. Wesley
72 Transverse Myelitis 736
Eoin P. Flanagan and Brian G. Weinshenker
73 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder 744
Iris Vanessa Marin Collazo and Brian G. Weinshenker
74 Autoimmune Encephalitis and Meningitis 755
Andrew McKeon, Divyanshu Dubey, Eoin P. Flanagan,
Anastasia Zekeridou, and Sean J. Pittock
75 Neurosarcoidosis 773
Siddharama Pawate and Barney J. Stern
SECTION XII
MOVEMENT DISORDERS 778
Section Editor: Elan D. Louis
76 Essential Tremor 778
Elan D. Louis
77 Tics and Tourette Syndrome 784
Harvey S. Singer
78 Restless Legs Syndrome 793
Brian B. Koo
79 The Dystonias 800
Hyder A. Jinnah
80 Hemifacial Spasm 820
Paul Greene
81 Myoclonus 824
Pichet Termsarasab and Steven J. Frucht
82 Hereditary and Acquired Ataxias 831
Sheng-Han Kuo and Vikram G. Shakkottai
83 Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Neuroleptic-Induced
Syndromes 849
Un Jung Kang and Stanley Fahn
84 Choreas 854
Ruth H. Walker and Joseph Jankovic
85 Huntington Disease 861
Karen S. Marder and Richard A. Hickman
86 Parkinson Disease 871
Peter LeWitt
87 Parkinson-Plus Syndromes 893
Paul Greene
SECTION XIII
NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES 904
Section Editor: Thomas H. Brannagan III
88 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Motor
Neuron Diseases 904
Neil A. Shneider
89 Bell’s Palsy and Cranial Neuropathies 915
Comana M. Cioroiu and Thomas H. Brannagan III
90 Mononeuropathies and Compression Neuropathies 927
Thomas H. Brannagan III
91 Acquired Peripheral Neuropathies 936
Thomas H. Brannagan III and Kurenai Tanji
92 Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 955
Chiara Pisciotta and Michael E. Shy
93 Myasthenia Gravis and Other Disorders of the
Neuromuscular Junction 963
Christina M. Ulane
94 Infl ammatory and Autoimmune Myopathies 979
Rebecca Traub, Kurenai Tanji, and Christina M. Ulane
95 Critical Illness Myopathy and Neuropathy 989
Ahmad Riad Ramadan, Michio Hirano, and
Louis H. Weimer
96 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies 992
Christina M. Ulane
97 Periodic Paralysis and Other Channelopathies 998
Comana M. Cioroiu
98 Stiff Person Syndrome and Peripheral Nerve and Muscle
Hyperexcitability 1004
Jonathan Perk and Christina M. Ulane
99 Metabolic and Mitochondrial Myopathies in Adults 1011
Michio Hirano, H. Orhan Akman, and
Salvatore DiMauro

SECTION XIV

NEUROONCOLOGY 1019

Section Editor: Tobias Walbert

100 Gliomas 1019

J. Ricardo McFaline-Figueroa and Patrick Y. Wen

101 Metastatic Tumors 1034

Rupesh Kotecha and Minesh P. Mehta

102 Meningiomas 1050

Thomas J. Kaley

103 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 1056

Lakshmi Nayak and Tracy T. Batchelor

104 Tumors of the Pituitary Gland 1064

Pamela U. Freda, John Ausiello, and Jeffrey N. Bruce

105 Pineal Region Tumors 1072

Jeffrey N. Bruce

106 Acoustic Neuroma and Other Skull Base Tumors 1080

Randy S. D’Amico and Michael B. Sisti

107 Spinal Tumors 1089

David Cachia, Claudio E. Tatsui, and Mark R. Gilbert

108 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 1100

Erika Santos Horta and Tobias Walbert

109 Complications of Cancer Therapy 1106

Jasmin Jo and David Schiff

SECTION XV

HYDROCEPHALUS AND CEREBRAL

EDEMA 1114

Section Editor: Fred Rincon

110 Hydrocephalus 1114

Kumud Sharma and Fred Rincon

111 Brain Edema and Increased Intracranial Pressure 1127

Stephan A. Mayer

112 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension 1139

Kevin E. Immanuel, Tiffany R. Chang,

and Kiwon Lee

SECTION XVI

SPINAL CORD DISORDERS 1145

Section Editor: Paul C. McCormick

113 Intervertebral Disk Disease and Radiculopathy 1145

Hani Malone and Peter D. Angevine

114 Cervical and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis 1153

Brian J.A. Gill and Paul C. McCormick

115 Acquired and Hereditary Myelopathies 1159

Natalie Weathered and Noam Y. Harel

SECTION XVII

AUTONOMIC AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES 1170

Section Editor: Louis H. Weimer

116 Autonomic Failure, Autonomic Neuropathy, and

Orthostatic Intolerance 1170

Louis H. Weimer

117 Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Acute

Brain Injury 1178

Sophie Samuel and Huimahn Alex Choi

118 Sleep Disorders 1183

Andrew J. Westwood and Carl W. Bazil

SECTION XVIII

SYSTEMIC ORGAN FUNCTION AND THE

NERVOUS SYSTEM 1195

Section Editor: Kiwon Lee

119 Heart-Brain Interactions 1195

Shouri Lahiri and Stephan A. Mayer

120 Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy 1201

Aurélien Mazeraud, Cássia Righy, Stephan A. Mayer,

and Tarek Sharshar

121 Respiratory Support for Neurologic Diseases 1207

David B. Seder and Stephan A. Mayer

122 Endocrine Diseases and the Brain 1215

Spyridoula Tsetsou and Alexandra S. Reynolds

123 Hematologic Diseases and the Brain 1227

Andreas H. Kramer

124 Hepatic Disease and the Brain 1245

Charles L. Francoeur and Stephan A. Mayer

125 Renal Disease, Electrolyte Disorders, and the

Nervous System 1253

J. Kirk Roberts and Stephan A. Mayer

126 Gastric and Genitourinary Function and the Brain 1262

Alden Doerner Rinaldi and Charles C. Esenwa

127 Bone Diseases and the Central Nervous System 1270

Roger N. Rosenberg and Alison M. Pack

128 Malnutrition, Malabsorption, and Vitamin Defi ciencies 1277

Rebecca Traub and Inna Kleyman

129 Neurologic Disease During Pregnancy 1286

Alison M. Pack

130 Neurologic Complications of Organ Transplantation 1298

SECTION XIX

NEUROLOGIC TOXIDROMES 1303

Section Editor: John C. M. Brust

131 Alcoholism 1303

John C. M. Brust

132 Drug Intoxication and Withdrawal 1313

John C. M. Brust

133 Neurotoxicology 1319

Christopher Zammit and Stephan A. Mayer

134 Radiation Injury 1335

Matthew R. Leach and Christopher Zammit

135 Electrical and Lightning Injury 1347

Imad Khan and Christopher Zammit

136 Decompression Illness 1350

Matthew R. Leach and Christopher Zammit

SECTION XX

PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 1355

Section Editor: Arthur M. Mandel

137 Neonatal Neurology 1355

Arthur M. Mandel

138 Nervous System Formation and Malformation 1366

Gary D. Clark

139 Inherited Metabolic Diseases 1385

Marc C. Patterson

140 Chromosomal Disorders and Disorders of DNA 1410

Marc C. Patterson

141 The Floppy Infant 1417

Maryam Oskoui, Laurent Servais, and

Darryl C. De Vivo

142 Disorders of Motor and Cognitive Development 1424

Jason B. Carmel, Toni S. Pearson, and Reet Sidhu

143 Autism Spectrum Disorders 1433

Sylvie Goldman and Jennifer M. Bain

144 Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies 1441

Salvatore DiMauro, Emanuele Barca, and

Michio Hirano

145 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 1456

Marc C. Patterson

146 Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood 1467

Basil T. Darras, Richard S. Finkel, and Darryl C. De Vivo

147 Muscular Dystrophies and Congenital Myopathies 1474

James J. Dowling, Hernan D. Gonorazky, Dimah N. Saade,

Michael W. Lawlor, and Darryl C. De Vivo

148 Seizures and Epilepsies in Neonates and Children 1502

Tristan T. Sands and M. Roberta Cilio

149 Pediatric Stroke 1515

Sally M. Sultan and Robert H. Fryer

150 Brain Tumors in Children 1528

James H. Garvin, Jr

151 Pediatric Brain Injury and Shaken Baby Syndrome 1572

Joshua Cappell and Steven G. Kernie

152 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,

and Drug Effects 1579

Claudia A. Chiriboga

SECTION XXI

PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY 1588

Section Editor: David H. Strauss

153 Psychosis 1588

Jacob S. Ballon and T. Scott Stroup

154 Mood Disorders 1596

Andrés Barrera, Licínia Ganança, Alejandro S. Cazzulino,

and Maria A. Oquendo

155 Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1606

Franklin R. Schneier

156 Somatic Symptom Disorders 1615

Anna L. Dickerman, Philip R. Muskin, and Vivian Liu

SECTION XXII

RECOVERY AND END-OF-LIFE CARE 1629

Section Editor: Joel Stein

157 Neurologic Rehabilitation 1629

Joel Stein and Heidi Schambra

158 End-of-Life and Palliative Care in Neurology 1636

Tobias Walbert, Fred Rincon, and James M. Noble

Index 1645