Description
Contents
PREFACE VII | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX
1 Histology & Its Methods
of Study 1
Preparation of Tissues for Study 1
Light Microscopy 4
Electron Microscopy 8
Autoradiography 9
Cell & Tissue Culture 10
Enzyme Histochemistry 10
Visualizing Specific Molecules 10
Interpretation of Structures in
Tissue Sections 14
Summary of Key Points 15
Assess Your Knowledge 16
2 The Cytoplasm 17
Cell Differentiation 17
The Plasma Membrane 17
Cytoplasmic Organelles 27
The Cytoskeleton 42
Inclusions 48
Summary of Key Points 51
Assess Your Knowledge 52
3 The Nucleus 53
Components of the Nucleus 53
The Cell Cycle 58
Mitosis 61
Stem Cells & Tissue Renewal 65
Meiosis 65
Apoptosis 67
Summary of Key Points 69
Assess Your Knowledge 70
4 Epithelial Tissue 71
Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells 71
Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface 77
Types of Epithelia 80
Transport Across Epithelia 88
Renewal of Epithelial Cells 88
Summary of Key Points 90
Assess Your Knowledge 93
5 Connective Tissue 96
Cells of Connective Tissue 96
Fibers 103
Ground Substance 111
Types of Connective Tissue 114
Summary of Key Points 119
Assess Your Knowledge 120
6 Adipose Tissue 122
White Adipose Tissue 122
Brown Adipose Tissue 126
Summary of Key Points 127
Assess Your Knowledge 128
7 Cartilage 129
Hyaline Cartilage 129
Elastic Cartilage 133
Fibrocartilage 134
Cartilage Formation, Growth, & Repair 134
Summary of Key Points 136
Assess Your Knowledge 136
8 Bone 138
Bone Cells 138
Bone Matrix 143
Periosteum & Endosteum 143
Types of Bone 143
Osteogenesis 148
Bone Remodeling & Repair 152
Metabolic Role of Bone 154
Joints 155
Summary of Key Points 158
Assess Your Knowledge 159
9 Nerve Tissue & the Nervous
System 161
Development of Nerve Tissue 161
Neurons 163
Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity 168
Central Nervous System 175
Peripheral Nervous System 182
Neural Plasticity & Regeneration 187
Summary of Key Points 190
Assess Your Knowledge 191
10 Muscle Tissue 193
Skeletal Muscle 193
Cardiac Muscle 206
Smooth Muscle 208
Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 213
Summary of Key Points 213
Assess Your Knowledge 214
11 The Circulatory System 215
Heart 215
Tissues of the Vascular Wall 219
Vasculature 220
Lymphatic Vascular System 232
Summary of Key Points 235
Assess Your Knowledge 235
12 Blood 237
Composition of Plasma 237
Blood Cells 239
Summary of Key Points 252
Assess Your Knowledge 252
13 Hemopoiesis 254
Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation 254
Bone Marrow 255
Maturation of Erythrocytes 258
Maturation of Granulocytes 260
Maturation of Agranulocytes 263
Origin of Platelets 263
Summary of Key Points 265
Assess Your Knowledge 265
14 The Immune System & Lymphoid
Organs 267
Innate & Adaptive Immunity 267
Cytokines 269
Antigens & Antibodies 269
Antigen Presentation 271
Cells of Adaptive Immunity 273
Thymus 276
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 281
Lymph Nodes 282
Spleen 286
Summary of Key Points 293
Assess Your Knowledge 294
15 Digestive Tract 295
General Structure of the Digestive Tract 295
Oral Cavity 298
Esophagus 305
Stomach 307
Small Intestine 314
Large Intestine 320
Summary of Key Points 326
Assess Your Knowledge 328
16 Organs Associated with the Digestive
Tract 329
Salivary Glands 329
Pancreas 332
Liver 335
Biliary Tract & Gallbladder 345
Summary of Key Points 346
Assess Your Knowledge 348
17 The Respiratory System 349
Nasal Cavities 349
Pharynx 352
Larynx 352
Trachea 354
Bronchial Tree & Lung 355
Lung Vasculature & Nerves 367
Pleural Membranes 368
Respiratory Movements 369
Summary of Key Points 369
Assess Your Knowledge 370
18 Skin 371
Epidermis 372
Dermis 380
Subcutaneous Tissue 381
Sensory Receptors 382
Hair 383
Nails 384
Skin Glands 385
Skin Repair 388
Summary of Key Points 391
Assess Your Knowledge 392
19 The Urinary System 393
Kidneys 393
Blood Circulation 394
Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion,
& Reabsorption 395
Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra 407
Summary of Key Points 411
Assess Your Knowledge 412
20 Endocrine Glands 413
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 413
Adrenal Glands 423
Pancreatic Islets 427
Diffuse Neuroendocrine
System 429
Thyroid Gland 430
Parathyroid Glands 432
Pineal Gland 435
Summary of Key Points 437
Assess Your Knowledge 437
21 The Male Reproductive
System 439
Testes 439
Intratesticular Ducts 449
Excretory Genital Ducts 449
Accessory Glands 451
Penis 456
Summary of Key Points 457
Assess Your Knowledge 459
22 The Female Reproductive System 460
Ovaries 460
Uterine Tubes 470
Major Events of Fertilization 471
Uterus 473
Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, & the Placenta 478
Cervix 480
Vagina 483
External Genitalia 484
Mammary Glands 484
Summary of Key Points 488
Assess Your Knowledge 489
23 The Eye & Ear: Special Sense
Organs 490
Eyes: The Photoreceptor System 490
Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System 509
Summary of Key Points 522
Assess Your Knowledge 522
APPENDIX 525
FIGURE CREDITS 527
INDEX 529
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